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While the Seljuk dynasty's influence grew, Abu Suleiman Dawud Chaghri Beg married his daughter, Arslan Khatun Khadija to caliph al-Qa'im in 1056. This marked the start of Seljuk influence over Caliphate. He was born in Tabaran, a town in the district of Tus, Khorasan (now part of Iran), not long after Seljuks entered Baghdad and ended Shia Buyid Amir al-umaras. He was a Muslim scholar, law specialist, rationalist, and spiritualist of Persian descent. Among his other works, the Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers") is a landmark in the history of philosophy, as it advances the critique of Aristotelian science developed later in 14th-century Europe. This belief led him to write his magnum opus entitled Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm ad-dīn (" The Revival of the Religious Sciences"). He believed that the Islamic spiritual tradition had become moribund and that the spiritual sciences taught by the first generation of Muslims had been forgotten. It was during this period where many of his great works were written. This led to his eventual disappearance from the Muslim world for over 10 years.

Much of Al-Ghazali's work stemmed around his spiritual crises following his appointment as the head of the Nizzamiyya University in Baghdad - which was the most prestigious academic position in the Muslim world at the time. Al-Ghazali was a prominent mujtahid in the Shafi'i school of law. Al-Ghazali's works were so highly acclaimed by his contemporaries that he was awarded the honorific title " Proof of Islam" ( Ḥujjat al-Islām).

He is considered to be the 11th century's mujaddid, a renewer of the faith, who, according to the prophetic hadith, appears once every 100 years to restore the faith of the Islamic community. He is known as one of the most prominent and influential jurisconsult, legal theoretician, mufti, philosopher, theologian, logician and mystic in Islamic history.